[2] M. Primus, while governor of Macedon, had made an irruption into
the country of the Odrysians; for this he was prosecuted, and pleaded
that it was by the emperor's orders. Augustus denying this, L. Murena
put the impudent question to him mentioned in the text.
[3] An island on the coast of Lucania, in Italy; now called Santa
Maria.
[4] The date of Augustus's reign is here reckoned from the death of
Antony, when he became sole monarch; but if it be reckoned from his
first coming into power, soon after the death of Julius Caesar, it is
nearly 56 years. Augustus carried on his wars principally by his
lieutenants, but he went personally into Spain and Gaul. His bravery,
however, has been greatly called in question, and many flagrant
instances of his cowardice recorded. How true they may be is not easy
to determine.
[5] The temple of Janus was now shut for the third time since the
foundation of the city.
[6] He began his reign, however, with the murder of Agrippa Posthumus,
the grandson of Augustus.
[7] Varus had been surprised by the Germans, defeated, and his whole
army cut to pieces.
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