Two years later, the first Greek letter
society for Negroes was established to help its members in coping
with the effects of social discrimination on largely white
college campuses. In 1915, Carter G. Woodson established the
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and began
publication of the Journal of Negro History.
In 1905, W. E. B. DuBois, John Hope, Monroe Trotter, Kelly
Miller, and other outspoken young Negro intellectuals met in
Niagara Falls, Ontario, and founded the "Niagara Movement."
Unlike the other black institutions mentioned above, the
"Niagara Movement" was primarily political in its objectives. On
the one hand, it strove to seize the leadership of the
Afro-American community, taking it away from the more
conciliatory emphasis of Booker T. Washington. On the other
hand, they wanted a platform from which to condemn, loudly and
clearly, the white prejudice they found all about them.
The organization deliberately tried to resurrect the spirit of
the angry abolitionists immediately preceding the Civil War. The
meeting places of their three conventions were chosen for their
symbolic value.
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