United States, that the "grandfather
clause" in the constitutions of both Maryland and Oklahoma was
null and void because it contradicted the Fifteenth Amendment.
Two years later, in Buchanan v. Warley, the court said that
Louisville's ordinance requiring Negroes to live in specified
sections of the city was unconstitutional. In 1923, the
N.A.A.C.P. came to the defense of a Negro who, it believed, had
not received a fair trial. In Moore v. Dempsey, the Supreme
Court granted the defendant a new trial because the court which
had convicted him of murder had exempted Negroes from serving on
its Jury.
Branches of the N.A.A.C.P. spread all across the country. By
1921 there were more than 400 separate chapters, and the
Association was still growing. Its membership, whether white or
black, tended to be middle-class and educated. In this respect it
bore a marked similarity to the National Urban League which came
into existence at about the same time.
The National Urban League grew out of a concern for the
employment problems of Negroes in New York City. George Edmund
Haynes, a Negro graduate student at Columbia University, was
researching the economic conditions of New York City Negroes.
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