In order to do this they planned to make
aggressive use of the press and the courts. Mass organization to
achieve economic and political pressure was also recommended as
another technique.
There were scores of leaders representing dozens of differing
positions. In the first half of the twentieth century, the
spectrum was limited almost exclusively to the advocacy of
nonviolent techniques. Four of these leaders will be discussed
below. Their ideas present a broad overview of the concepts to be
found within the Afro-American community. Booker T. Washington,
W. E. B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, and A. Philip Randolph
represented a wide variety of approaches, their ideas forming the
total spectrum of the thrust for remaking the black role in white
society.
Booker T. Washington: The Trumpet of Conciliation
Within a few months of Douglass's death, a new leader was
thrust upon the Afro-American community. Unlike Douglass, who
believed in self-assertion, Booker T. Washington developed a
leadership style based on the model of the old plantation house
servant. He used humility, politeness, flattery, and restraint as
a wedge with which he hoped to split the wall of racial
discrimination.
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