This was obviously an attack on Washington's statement that the
right to earn a dollar was worth more than anything else. He
said that if he did not have the right to spend a dollar in the
opera house and to do those things that other free men do, he was
not free. Hope was not content with demanding equality in vague
terms. He insisted that what he wanted was social equality.
Instead of urging conciliation, he advocated that the Afro-
Americans should be restless and dissatisfied. When their
discontent broke through the wall of discrimination, then there
would be no need to plead for Justice. Then they would be men. A
decade later, those who opposed Washington's leadership decided
that they needed to organize and coordinate their activities.
John Hope, W. E. B. DuBois, Monroe Trotter, and several others
wanted to speak out more vigorously against racial
discrimination, segregation, and lynching. To do this, they
created the Niagara Movement to challenge the political
domination of Washington's Tuskegee machine. Because he was the
recognized advisor to politicians and philanthropists, this was a
difficult task.
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